Le paquebot Rawalpindi de la P and O (voir notre blog) à Marseille. (coll agence Adhémar) Le paquebot SS Rawalpindi est le sister-ship du SS Ranchi. Il aurait été pris comme modèle par Hergé pour le paquebot figurant dans Tintin et le lotus bleu. |
SS Rawalpindi, de la Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co, faisait partie d'une série de sisters-ships de 16695 tonnes construits aux chantiers Hawthorn Leslie and Co. de Newcastle Upon Tyne, Angleterre. Cette classe "R" comprenait aussi les SS Ranchi, SS Ranpura et SS Rajputana et était la première série de bateaux de la P and O équipés de réfrigérateurs pour le frêt. Ils eurent aussi la particularité d'avoir Elsie Mackay, fille de Lord Inchcape (administrateur de la P and O), comme décoratrice et architecte d'intérieur. Cette aviatrice célèbre était aussi actrice. Elle disparut en mer en 1928 dans sa tentative de traversée de l'Atlantique.
SS Rawalpindi fut lancé le 26 mars 1925 et placé sur la ligne régulière Londres-Bombay. Il transportait 307 passagers de première classe et 288 de seconde. Avec ses sisters-ships, ils furent réquisitionnés par l'amirauté britannique le 26 août 1939 et aménagés en croiseurs auxiliaires. Armés de six canons de 150mm et trois de 76mm, ils furent incorporés dans la patrouille du Nord qui croisait autour de l'Islande.
Le SS Rawalpindi, envoyé en reconnaissance au nord des îles Féroé le 23 novembre 1939 pour repérer une éventuelle infiltration de bateaux ennemis, se retrouva nez à nez avec deux des plus importantes unités de la marine allemande, les croiseurs Scharnhorst et Gneisenau, qui tentaient de briser le blocus allié (la fameuse ligne Giuk, acronyme de Groenland, Iceland, United Kingdom) pour rejoindre l'Atlantique. Après avoir signalé à sa base la position des deux jumeaux ennemis, et bien que largement sous-armé face à ces monstrueux adversaires, le vieux capitaine Edward Coverley Kennedy décide d'engager le combat pour retenir les Allemands jusqu'à l'arrivée de renforts. Il aurait dit: "Nous les combattrons, ils nous couleront, et ce sera tout. Au revoir". Il fallut tout de même quarante minutes aux croiseurs pour couler le Rawalpindi. Il y eut 238 victimes dont le capitaine mais les Allemands firent demi-tour pour éviter d'être interceptés par la Home Fleet. Un autre des sisters-ships, HMS Rajputana, fut torpillé et coulé par le sous-marin U-108 dans le détroit du Danemark, le 13 avril 1941.
HMS Rawalpindi started life as a 16,695 registered tons P. and O. Steam Navigation Co. Ltd, built by Hawthorn Leslie and Co. at Newcastle Upon Tyne, England and launched on 26th of march 1925. She sailed on a regular route between England and Bombay, India. She was requisitioned by the Admiralty on 26 August 1939 and converted to an armed merchant cruiser by the addition of eight 6 in (150 mm) guns and two 3 in (76 mm) guns and set to work from October in the Northern Patrol covering the area around Iceland. While patrolling north of the Faroe Islands on 23 November 1939, she investigated a possible enemy sighting, only to find that she had encountered two of the most powerful German warships, the battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau trying to break out through the GIUK gap into the Atlantic. Rawalpindi was able to signal the German ships' location back to base. Despite being hopelessly outgunned, 60-year old Captain Edward Coverley Kennedy RN of Rawalpindi decided to fight, rather than surrender as demanded by the Germans. He was heard to say "We will fight them both, they will sink us, and that will be that. Good-bye". The German warships sank Rawalpindi within 40 minutes. 238 men died, including Captain Kennedy. Thirty-seven men were rescued by the German ships, and a further 11 were picked up by HMS Chitral (another converted passenger ship). Thanks to the actions of Rawalpindi, the German attempt to break out into the Atlantic was foiled. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were forced to return to base in order to avoid interception by the British Home Fleet.
Rawalpindi was one of the P and O 'R' class liners from 1925 that had the much of their interiors designed by Lord Inchcape's daughter Elsie Mackay. These 'R' class were the first P and O ships with facilities for carrying refrigerated stores. She could carry 307 First Class and 288 Second Class passengers. Her sister ships SS Ranchi, Ranpura and Rajputana were also converted to armed merchant cruisers. Rajputana was torpedoed by U-108 in the Denmark Strait and sunk on 13 April 1941.
Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, plus brièvement appelée P and O, a été fondée en 1836 pour relier Londres à l'Espagne, au Portugal et à la Méditerranée. Elle étendit ensuite ses ambitions avec Alexandrie comme port d'escale et un voyage par voie terrestre jusqu'au port de Suez. Toutefois, jusqu'en 1840, P and O n'assure pas directement la connexion vers l'Inde. La voie terrestre était la plus rapide pour l'Inde (sic). Les passagers débarqués à Alexandrie remontaient le Nil pendant 12 heures jusqu'au Caire d'où ils étaient transportés jusqu'à la mer Rouge à Kosseir. Ils finissaient leur trajet en calèches à mules jusqu'à Port Suez. La distance totale était de 250 miles qui se couvrait en environ 88 heures. Il fut rapidement raccourci par la construction du chemin de fer Alexandrie-Suez, terminé en décembre 1858. En 1845, P and O ouvre ses services vers Singapour et l'Extrême-Orient et en 1852 une liaison bi-mensuelle de Singapour à l'Australie. Southampton à l'Australie par Cape Town est lancé en 1853. L'ouverture du canal de Suez en 1869 réduit considérablement le voyage. Le Londres-Bombay ne durait plus que 12 jours et demi dans les années 1890. Les bateaux à vapeur quittaient Londres tous les samedis pour l'Inde et tous les quinze jours pour l'Australie et la Chine. Les tarifs étaient de 55£ en première classe pour l'Inde; de 35£- 37£ 10s pour la deuxième classe. Pour l'Australie, le tarif de première classe était de 60£-70£ et la deuxième classe de 35£-40£. La première classe pour la Chine ou le Japon était de 73£ 10s et la deuxième classe de £42.
The company began a service to Alexandria and an overland journey to Port Suez with a connection to India (not P and O at the time until 1840). The overland route was the quickest way to India. Passengers disembarked at Alexandria, and journeyed for 12 hours up the Nile to Cairo. Special shallow-draft vessels then carried them to Cosseir and passengers then travelled in mule drawn carriages to Port Suez. The distance was 250 miles and the scheduled transit time was 88 hours. With the completion of the Alexandria - Suez railway in December, 1858 the route was changed.
In 1845 P&O services were extended to Singapore and the Far East and in 1852 they started a bi-monthly Singapore to Australia service. Southampton - Capetown - Australia sailings were started in 1853 and the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened the journey times considerably.
The fleet and goodwill of the Blue Anchor Line was purchased in 1910 and the P and O Branch Line was formed to cover the Australian service. In 1914, the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company was acquired and amalgamation took place between P and O and the British India Steam Navigation Company. The New Zealand Shipping Company, together with the Federal Line, was acquired in 1916. In 1917 the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand joined the P and O Group, and the Nourse Line and Hain Steam Ship Company were also acquired.
Controlling interest in the Orient Line was acquired in 1919, along with the British India Steam Navigation Company and control of the Eastern and Australasian Mail Steam Ship Company, which therefore became part of the P and O group. In 1920 P and O purchased the General Steam Navigation Company and in 1935, Moss-Hutchinson Line was purchased. The Trans-Pacific service was formed in 1958 and named the Orient and Pacific Line (Sydney - Auckland - Suva - Honolulu - Vancouver - San Francisco). In 1960 the P and O-Orient Line was formed, and the Orient and Pacific Line name was dropped. The P and O General Cargo division was formed in 1971 to operate all subsidiary companies cargo ships as one fleet. In 1972 the Strick Line was purchased and in 1974, Princess Cruises was purchased.
In 1845 P&O services were extended to Singapore and the Far East and in 1852 they started a bi-monthly Singapore to Australia service. Southampton - Capetown - Australia sailings were started in 1853 and the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened the journey times considerably.
The voyage from London to Bombay took 12 and half days in the 1890s. The steamers left London every Saturday for India and fortnightly for Australia and China. Fares were £55 first class to India; £35 - 37£ 10s for second class. To Australia the first class fare was £60-£70 and second class was £35-£40. First class to China or Japan was 73£ 10s and second class was £42.
The fleet and goodwill of the Blue Anchor Line was purchased in 1910 and the P and O Branch Line was formed to cover the Australian service. In 1914, the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company was acquired and amalgamation took place between P and O and the British India Steam Navigation Company. The New Zealand Shipping Company, together with the Federal Line, was acquired in 1916. In 1917 the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand joined the P and O Group, and the Nourse Line and Hain Steam Ship Company were also acquired.
Controlling interest in the Orient Line was acquired in 1919, along with the British India Steam Navigation Company and control of the Eastern and Australasian Mail Steam Ship Company, which therefore became part of the P and O group. In 1920 P and O purchased the General Steam Navigation Company and in 1935, Moss-Hutchinson Line was purchased. The Trans-Pacific service was formed in 1958 and named the Orient and Pacific Line (Sydney - Auckland - Suva - Honolulu - Vancouver - San Francisco). In 1960 the P and O-Orient Line was formed, and the Orient and Pacific Line name was dropped. The P and O General Cargo division was formed in 1971 to operate all subsidiary companies cargo ships as one fleet. In 1972 the Strick Line was purchased and in 1974, Princess Cruises was purchased.
1 commentaire:
Bonjour, bravo pour ce blog très bien fait. Je cherche à savoir quelle était la durée de la traversée d'angleterre en australie en 1881. PLmus précisemment je m'intéresse à la durée du trajet du Khedive qui arriva en australie à port albany en novembre 1880 ? Ceci dans le cadre d'un livre que je prépare sur l'histoire du comptoir d'escompte en australie depuis 1881. Si quelqu'un peut m'aider, cela serait utile et apprécié. (olivia.geoffroy@yahoo.fr)
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